Overview
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme found in every cell, central to energy metabolism and over 500 enzymatic reactions. NAD+ levels decline by approximately 50% between ages 20 and 50. Replenishing NAD+ activates sirtuins (longevity-associated deacetylases), supports PARP-mediated DNA repair, and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α activation.
Mechanism of action
NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. As a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1–7), it regulates gene expression, inflammation, and metabolic adaptation. PARP enzymes consume NAD+ for DNA strand break repair. CD38 and SARM1 also hydrolyze NAD+, linking it to calcium signaling and neuronal stress responses.
Selected literature
- [01]
NAD+ metabolism and its roles in aging
Verdin E. · Science · 2015
NAD+ decline with age impairs sirtuin and PARP activity; supplementation restored mitochondrial function and extended lifespan in model organisms.
- [02]
Declining NAD+ induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication
Gomes A.P. et al. · Cell · 2013
Raising NAD+ in aged mice restored mitochondrial homeostasis and reversed aspects of muscle aging within one week of treatment.
- [03]
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and sirtuins in aging and disease
Imai S. & Guarente L. · Trends in Cell Biology · 2014
NAD+-sirtuin signaling axis regulates metabolic adaptation, stress resistance, and genomic stability across multiple tissue types.
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